Chronic Diseases in Veterinary Medicine: A New Evaluation Model

Chronic diseases are becoming increasingly prominent in veterinary medicine, with both animals and humans experiencing rising rates of these conditions. In an effort to understand this complex phenomenon, a recent study led by researcher Antonia Mataragka from the Agricultural University of Athens has introduced a new evaluation model aimed at improving the monitoring and management of these diseases in animals. This article discusses the foundations and main findings of the study, focusing on the links between animal and human health.

Genetic and Environmental Factors Causing Disease

The study indicates that non-communicable diseases in animals are influenced by multiple factors, including genetic and environmental ones. Breeds that have undergone intensive genetic selection, whether for aesthetic or productive purposes, show higher rates of diseases such as diabetes and heart valve disorders. This highlights how genetics can play a significant role in determining disease risk in certain animal populations.

On the other hand, the environment plays a crucial role in the emergence of these diseases. This includes the impact of poor diet, lack of physical activity, and long-term psychological stress. For instance, estimates suggest that 50-60% of domestic cats and dogs suffer from obesity, leading to increased rates of diabetes in cats. In agricultural settings, about 20% of intensively raised pigs suffer from arthritis.

Environmental Changes and Escalating Health Risks

Environmental changes resulting from human activities contribute to the increased risk of chronic diseases in animals. Urban expansion, climate change, and biodiversity loss increase the frequency and severity of harmful exposures. For example, rising ocean temperatures and declining coral reef systems are associated with higher tumor rates in sea turtles and fish.

In urban areas, high temperatures and poor air quality lead to increased rates of obesity, diabetes, and immune disorders in pets. Chemical leaks and air pollution also affect endocrine functions in birds and mammals.

Understanding Disease Patterns Across Species

The study aims to identify the prevalence of non-communicable diseases among different animal groups and analyze the factors contributing to their development. It seeks to propose strategies to reduce these diseases at four levels: individual, herd, ecosystem, and policy. The findings indicate that climate change, habitat degradation, pollution, and nutritional imbalances are major forces increasing the exposure of pets, livestock, and wildlife to risks.

Linking One Health and Environmental Health Approaches

The model presented by Mataragka combines the One Health and Environmental Health approaches, which focus on the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health. By integrating these perspectives, the model demonstrates how genetic predispositions intersect with environmental, social, and ecological pressures in driving disease trajectories.

The researcher hopes that this integrated approach will support coordinated monitoring efforts among animals, humans, and ecosystems, and help identify early signs of rising non-communicable disease rates. By recognizing common factors causing chronic diseases, researchers and policymakers can improve methods to reduce health risks across species.

Conclusion

The study highlights the importance of developing advanced monitoring systems for chronic diseases in animals, given the continuous rise in these disease rates. By understanding the genetic and environmental factors affecting animals, prevention and treatment strategies can be enhanced. Adopting a comprehensive approach that links human, animal, and environmental health might be the key to addressing these growing health challenges. In the future, this deeper understanding could lead to better policies and practices that protect public health and promote the well-being of all species.